Medically reviewed by the dentists at Longwood Dental, Taipei

Longwood Dental is a private English-speaking dental clinic in Taipei providing comprehensive general, restorative, periodontal, implant, aesthetic/cosmetic, and endodontic care for local and international patients.

If you have thought about straightening your teeth as an adult, you are far from unusual. Adults increasingly seek orthodontic treatment for crowded or crooked teeth, gaps, bite problems, teeth that have shifted after previous braces, or simply because they would like a straighter and healthier-looking smile.

According to the American Association of Orthodontists (AAO), approximately one in three orthodontic patients today is an adult. And there is no rule that orthodontic treatment must happen during childhood. The American Dental Association states that healthy teeth can be orthodontically treated at any age. What matters more than your age is the condition of your teeth, gums and supporting structures, together with the type of tooth movement and bite correction you require.

Modern adult orthodontics also offers considerably more choice than many patients expect. Depending on your needs, treatment may involve Invisalign or other clear aligners, traditional braces, or more discreet ceramic braces. The important question is therefore not simply: “Can I get Invisalign?” It is: “What orthodontic treatment will give me the best result for my teeth, bite and lifestyle?”

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Why Do Adults Need Orthodontic Treatment?

Many people associate orthodontics with teenagers getting braces. In reality, adults seek orthodontic treatment for several different reasons. Some never had braces when they were younger. Others had orthodontic treatment years ago but stopped wearing their retainers and gradually noticed their teeth moving again. Teeth can also become more crowded or change position over time.

The AAO notes that adult orthodontic treatment can address problems including crowding, excessive spacing, overbite, underbite, crossbite and other abnormalities in how the upper and lower teeth fit together. Orthodontics is therefore not only about making teeth appear straighter.

Crowded or crooked teeth

When teeth overlap or are positioned irregularly, keeping some areas clean can become more difficult. Correcting their position may make routine brushing and flossing easier while creating a more harmonious smile.

Bite problems

Your teeth are intended not only to look good individually, but also to work together. An overbite, underbite, crossbite, open bite or other malocclusion can affect how the upper and lower teeth meet. The ADA describes creating a healthy bite—where opposing teeth meet appropriately—as an important objective of orthodontic treatment.

Teeth that have moved after previous braces

This is one of the most common reasons adults return to orthodontic treatment. Teeth can shift after treatment, particularly when retainers are no longer worn as recommended. In some adults, clear aligners can be an attractive way of correcting this orthodontic relapse without returning to conventional braces.

Tooth wear

Certain bite relationships can contribute to uneven forces or abnormal wear on the teeth. Correcting tooth position and bite may therefore form part of a broader plan to protect the teeth and improve function.

Appearance and confidence

There is also nothing wrong with wanting straighter teeth simply because you prefer how they look. Adults often spend many years thinking about orthodontics before eventually seeking consultation. Today's less conspicuous options have made treatment considerably easier to incorporate into professional and social life.

Beyond Straight Teeth: What Are the Benefits of Adult Orthodontics?

Patients understandably tend to think about orthodontics in terms of straight teeth and a better-looking smile. But research suggests that dental alignment can affect considerably more than appearance alone.

Our teeth and smile contribute to how we see ourselves, how readily we smile, how other people perceive us, and—in patients with significant malocclusion—oral function and quality of life. At the same time, it is important not to exaggerate these benefits. Orthodontic treatment cannot make someone more intelligent, more successful or automatically more confident. What research does show is more interesting and more credible.

A Straighter Smile Can Influence How Others Perceive Us

Dental appearance forms part of the first impression people make when looking at a face.

A University of Michigan study involving 889 adults showed participants photographs altered to display normal alignment or different types of malocclusion, including crowding, spacing, open bite, deep bite, overjet and underbite.

People shown with normal occlusion were rated most positively overall and were perceived as more attractive, more intelligent, more agreeable and more extraverted than people shown with several forms of malocclusion. Importantly, this does not mean straighter teeth make someone more intelligent or change their personality. It means dental appearance can unconsciously influence how other people perceive those characteristics.

For adults who regularly meet clients, patients, colleagues or business partners, that difference in first impression can be meaningful.

Can Straighter Teeth Make You Look Younger?

There is some interesting evidence here as well, although we should interpret it cautiously.

A 2022 study published in Progress in Orthodontics showed laypeople digitally altered photographs of middle-aged adults with different degrees of dental alignment. The better-aligned smiles received higher attractiveness ratings and were perceived as more youthful than the more severely malaligned versions. Because this experiment used photographs of only one male and one female model, it should not be interpreted as proving that orthodontic treatment literally makes everyone look younger. But it does support something dentists often observe clinically: the teeth are part of the overall perception of facial age and appearance.

A balanced, healthy-looking smile can contribute to a fresher overall appearance without attempting to change the person's natural facial characteristics.

What About Professional Image and Career?

This is another area where the research is fascinating—but where the wording matters.

In a 2014 study published in the American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, researchers showed 100 people responsible for hiring employees photographs of the same individuals with either their original malocclusion or digitally corrected dental alignment.

The individuals shown with the more ideal dental appearance were rated as more intelligent and more likely to be hired. There was no significant difference in perceived honesty or work efficiency. A separate study of middle-aged adults also found that better-aligned smiles received more favorable ratings for attractiveness, perceived youthfulness and several professional characteristics, including employability.

We would not interpret these studies to mean: “Straighten your teeth and you will advance your career.” There is no good evidence that orthodontic treatment directly produces promotions, higher salaries or professional success.

What the studies suggest is subtler:

For adults working in client-facing, leadership, medical, legal, hospitality, sales or other highly interpersonal environments, improving a feature that has bothered them for years can therefore have value beyond simply having straighter teeth.

Orthodontic Treatment Can Improve Dental Self-Confidence

This is where the evidence becomes more directly relevant to the patient.

A prospective study followed 69 adult orthodontic patients aged 21 to 59 who were treated primarily for alignment, crowding or spacing. After treatment, researchers found statistically significant improvements across all four psychological and social measures they studied:

• dental self-confidence

• social impact

• psychological impact

• concern about dental appearance

The improvements were significant at P < 0.001, and the study concluded that improving dental aesthetics was associated with improved quality of life during the period studied. This does not mean every patient experiences a dramatic change in personality or general self-esteem. But when someone has spent years consciously hiding their teeth, avoiding photographs or feeling uncomfortable about their smile, correcting the feature that bothers them can remove an unnecessary source of self-consciousness.

Do People With Straighter Teeth Smile More?

There is some evidence linking malocclusion with actual smiling behavior.

A 2023 observational study examined 72 adolescents and young adults aged 16 to 25 while they watched an amusing video. Participants with severe malocclusion smiled significantly less than people with little or no malocclusion. Their total smiling time and smile duration were approximately half those of the control group, and their reported dental self-confidence was about 30% lower.

There is an important detail, however: people whose severe malocclusion had already been orthodontically corrected also continued to smile less than the control group in this particular study. The researchers therefore cautioned that a learned tendency to smile less may persist even after treatment. So we should not promise that Invisalign will suddenly make someone smile more. Rather, the evidence suggests that significant dissatisfaction with dental appearance can influence how freely some people use their smile in the first place.

For many adult patients, becoming comfortable showing their teeth again is one of the most personally meaningful results of treatment.

Straighter Teeth Can Also Have Oral Health Benefits

Adult orthodontics is not purely cosmetic. Crowded and irregular teeth can create areas that are more difficult to access with a toothbrush and floss.

A long-term study using data from approximately 400 adult men followed through the Veterans Affairs Dental Longitudinal Study found that several forms of incisor crowding and irregularity were associated with greater periodontal pocket-depth progression and, in some areas, increased alveolar bone loss.

This does not mean that everyone with crowded teeth will develop gum disease—or that orthodontics by itself prevents periodontal disease. Plaque control, smoking, genetics, systemic health and regular professional care remain extremely important. But for some patients, improving severe crowding can create a dental arrangement that is easier to clean and maintain over the long term.

This becomes particularly relevant in adult orthodontics because gum and periodontal health must be considered before and throughout treatment.

Better Alignment Can Mean a Better-Functioning Bite

Orthodontics also addresses how the upper and lower teeth fit together, not just how straight the front teeth appear. Significant overbite, underbite, crossbite, open bite or other malocclusions can affect the way forces are distributed across the teeth and how efficiently a patient bites or chews.

In one study of 429 young adults aged 18 to 32, patients with an extensive orthodontic treatment need were 2.74 times more likely to report poor oral-health-related quality of life than those who did not require treatment. Severe malocclusion was particularly associated with functional limitation, physical discomfort and social disability.

Another study of 472 patients found that as malocclusion became more severe, oral-health-related quality of life and masticatory efficiency tended to deteriorate.

This is why an orthodontist looks beyond the six front teeth. A smile can look straight while the bite remains incorrect. The objective of specialist orthodontic treatment is ideally to achieve both an attractive alignment and a healthy, functional relationship between the teeth.

So Is Adult Orthodontics Cosmetic or Health Treatment?

Often, it is both. For one adult, orthodontic treatment may primarily be about correcting crowding that has bothered them for years. For another, the priority may be an overbite, crossbite or teeth that have progressively shifted. Another patient may simply want to feel more comfortable smiling in photographs or speaking in front of other people. These are all legitimate reasons to seek an orthodontic opinion.

Research suggests that better dental alignment can be associated with:

• improved perception of smile attractiveness

• a more youthful perceived appearance

• more favorable social and professional first impressions

• improved dental self-confidence

• improved oral-health-related quality of life

• easier access for oral hygiene in some crowded dentitions

• improved tooth alignment and bite relationships

• better oral and masticatory function in appropriately selected cases

But good orthodontics is not about trying to create a mathematically “perfect” smile. It is about improving alignment, function and appearance while preserving what is natural and appropriate for the individual patient. That distinction is especially important in adults, where the goal should not simply be straighter front teeth, but a result that works with the patient's existing teeth, gums, bite, facial characteristics and long-term dental health.

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Am I Too Old for Invisalign or Braces?

For most patients, there is no specific upper age limit for orthodontic treatment. The biological process of moving teeth continues to work in adulthood. The difference is that adults are more likely than younger patients to have existing dental conditions that must be considered during treatment planning. These may include previous crowns, root canal treatment, implants, missing teeth, gum recession, periodontal disease, tooth wear or previous restorative work. This is one reason a proper examination is important before beginning adult Invisalign or braces.

The AAO recommends that patients have appropriate dental evaluation and necessary dental treatment completed before clear aligner treatment begins. A healthy 40-, 50- or 60-year-old mouth may sometimes be a better candidate for orthodontics than a much younger mouth with untreated dental or periodontal disease. Age alone does not determine whether you are suitable for Invisalign. Diagnosis does.

What Is Invisalign and How Does It Work?

Invisalign is a brand of clear aligner orthodontic treatment.

Clear aligners are thin, transparent trays custom-made to fit over the teeth. A sequence of aligners applies carefully planned forces that gradually move the teeth toward their intended positions.

Before treatment, the orthodontist evaluates the teeth and bite and obtains the necessary diagnostic records. Digital scans, photographs and X-rays may be used to develop the orthodontic diagnosis and treatment plan.

The aligners are then designed according to that plan. Typically, patients progress through a sequence of trays, with each aligner producing a small amount of tooth movement. But the aligner itself is only the tool.

The AAO emphasizes that successful orthodontic treatment begins with an accurate diagnosis and individualized treatment planning. Whether the tool used is Invisalign, another clear aligner system or braces depends upon the movements required and each patient's individual condition.

What Can Invisalign Treat in Adults?

Modern clear aligner therapy can treat considerably more than mildly crooked front teeth. According to the American Association of Orthodontists, clear aligners may be used for orthodontic problems including crowded teeth, gaps, crooked teeth, overbite, underbite, open bite and crossbite.

Whether Invisalign is appropriate depends on the severity and nature of the problem. For example, two patients may both appear to have crowded front teeth, while the underlying orthodontic requirements are completely different. One may require relatively simple alignment, while another may need significant bite correction, space management or movement of multiple teeth.

This is why an online photograph or Invisalign simulation cannot replace a proper orthodontic diagnosis performed by an orthodontist.

Why Do So Many Adults Choose Invisalign?

For many adult patients, the attraction of Invisalign is straightforward: it allows orthodontic treatment to fit more discreetly into everyday life. Columbia University College of Dental Medicine notes that clear aligners can be particularly appealing to adults concerned about their professional appearance because they are substantially less visible than conventional braces.

Invisalign is discreet

Clear aligners are much less noticeable than traditional metal brackets and wires. Small tooth-colored attachments may still be required on some teeth, so treatment is not literally invisible, but it is generally considerably less conspicuous.

You can remove the aligners to eat

Unlike braces, Invisalign trays are removed for meals. This means there are generally fewer restrictions on the types of food you can eat. With fixed braces, hard, sticky and chewy foods may need to be limited because they can damage brackets and wires.

Brushing and flossing remain relatively straightforward

Because the trays are removable, you can brush and floss without having to clean around fixed brackets and wires. Good oral hygiene remains essential, however. Teeth should be cleaned before the aligners are placed back into the mouth.

Invisalign can fit professional lifestyles

Presentations, meetings, photographs and social occasions are important considerations for many adult patients. The discreet appearance of clear aligners is one reason adults who might otherwise postpone orthodontic treatment finally decide to proceed.

The Important Catch: Invisalign Requires Commitment

The fact that Invisalign is removable is both one of its greatest advantages and its greatest limitation. The AAO advises that clear aligners are generally worn at least 22 hours per day. That means patients normally remove them for eating, drinking anything other than water, brushing and flossing—and then put them back in.

If the aligners spend hours sitting on a desk or inside their case, the teeth cannot move according to the treatment plan. For a patient who knows that consistently wearing removable aligners will be difficult, fixed braces may actually be the more predictable choice.

Invisalign vs Braces: Which Adult Orthodontic Treatment Is Better?

There is no universally “best” orthodontic appliance. The AAO specifically advises that one appliance is not inherently better than another. The appropriate choice depends on the orthodontic diagnosis, treatment goals and patient's lifestyle.

Traditional braces remain an extremely effective orthodontic treatment. Ceramic braces work on similar principles but use tooth-colored or clear brackets to make the appliance less conspicuous. The important point is that Invisalign should not be selected simply because it looks more attractive on a treatment menu. The appliance should fit the proper diagnosis.

When Might Braces Be Better Than Invisalign?

Clear aligner technology has advanced considerably, and many orthodontic problems can now be treated successfully with aligners. However, they are not appropriate for every patient. The AAO notes that certain cases are treated more predictably with braces and that an orthodontist should determine whether aligners, braces or a combination of approaches is most appropriate.

Braces may be preferred when the required tooth movements are particularly complex, when more precise fixed control is desirable, or when the patient is unlikely to wear removable aligners consistently. This does not mean that Invisalign is only for simple cases. It means that case selection matters.

An experienced orthodontist should be comfortable recommending Invisalign when it is appropriate—and recommending something else when it is not.

Is Invisalign Faster Than Braces?

Not necessarily. This is one of the most common misconceptions about clear aligners. The length of adult orthodontic treatment depends primarily on the complexity of the case, amount and type of tooth movement required, biological response, patient cooperation and treatment objectives.

The AAO specifically notes that clear aligners are not automatically faster than braces and that treatment duration varies according to the orthodontic problem and movements required. A relatively simple case may be completed much faster than a complex bite correction, regardless of the appliance being used.

During your orthodontic consultation, your orthodontist can give you a more realistic estimate after evaluating your individual case.

Does Invisalign Hurt?

Orthodontic treatment works by applying controlled forces to teeth, so some temporary pressure or tenderness is normal. With clear aligners, patients may notice mild discomfort when they begin treatment or change to a new set of trays. The AAO describes this initial discomfort as generally temporary.

Braces may similarly cause temporary soreness after placement or adjustment. Significant discomfort or persistent pain is not something patients should simply tolerate and should be evaluated by the treating orthodontist.

What Happens During an Adult Orthodontic Consultation?

A proper orthodontic consultation is about considerably more than deciding whether you prefer clear trays or brackets. Orthodontic diagnosis may involve evaluating your tooth positions, bite, jaw relationships, gum health, existing dental work and overall treatment objectives. Diagnostic records can include photographs, digital scans and X-rays when indicated.

The AAO emphasizes that accurate diagnosis is the starting point for deciding between braces and clear aligners. Harvard's advanced orthodontic specialty program similarly emphasizes diagnosis, evidence-based treatment planning and comprehensive patient care as core components of specialist orthodontic training. Only after understanding the problem should the appliance be chosen.

Why See an Orthodontist for Invisalign?

An orthodontist is a dentist who has completed additional specialty education focused specifically on orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics. The AAO describes orthodontic specialty training as an additional two-to-three-year residency following dental school, concentrating on diagnosis, tooth movement, bite correction and treatment planning.

This distinction becomes particularly relevant with clear aligners. Digital treatment planning software can help visualize and manufacture aligners, but software does not replace clinical judgement. The orthodontist still has to determine what the teeth should do, whether the proposed movements are biologically and clinically appropriate, whether additional techniques are necessary, and whether treatment is progressing according to plan.

As the AAO summarizes it, the appliance matters less than the expertise of the clinician directing the treatment.

Do I Need a Retainer After Invisalign?

Yes. Finishing Invisalign does not mean your orthodontic treatment can simply be forgotten. Teeth have a tendency to move after orthodontic treatment. Retainers are therefore used to help maintain their corrected positions.

The AAO recommends retention after both braces and clear aligner treatment. Your orthodontist will recommend the appropriate type of retainer and wear schedule for your individual situation. Long-term retainer wear is one of the most important things patients can do to protect the result of their orthodontic treatment.

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Why Choose Longwood Dental for Adult Orthodontics and Invisalign in Taipei?

Choosing Invisalign is relatively easy. Choosing who plans and supervises your orthodontic treatment is more important.

At Longwood Dental Clinic Taipei, adult orthodontic treatment is provided within a dental specialist practice rather than approached simply as the delivery of a clear aligner product.

Harvard-trained orthodontic specialist

Our orthodontist, Dr. Rebecca Chen, completed her Residency in Orthodontics at Harvard School of Dental Medicine together with a Doctor of Medical Sciences (DMSc) in Oral Biology from Harvard. She has also served as a Clinical Assistant Professor at National Defense Medical Center and as an Invisalign lecturer and instructor.

Harvard School of Dental Medicine describes its orthodontics residency as rigorous advanced specialty education emphasizing evidence-based orthodontic care, diagnosis, treatment planning, interdisciplinary care and advanced clinical expertise.

For patients, that distinction is meaningful. You are not simply purchasing Invisalign trays. You are receiving an orthodontic diagnosis and treatment plan directed by a dentist whose advanced training is specifically in orthodontics.

Invisalign and braces—not a one-treatment-fits-all approach

We do not believe every adult orthodontic patient automatically needs Invisalign. Some patients are excellent candidates. Others may obtain a more predictable result with braces or another orthodontic strategy. Our goal is to recommend the appliance that best fits your orthodontic problem, treatment objectives and lifestyle rather than trying to make every patient fit one treatment system.

Specialist dental team under one roof

Adult orthodontic patients sometimes have dental considerations beyond straightening the teeth. Longwood Dental's multidisciplinary team includes specialists in orthodontics, prosthodontics, periodontics, endodontics and oral and maxillofacial surgery. When appropriate, this allows orthodontic treatment to be coordinated with the health and long-term requirements of the rest of the mouth.

English-speaking orthodontic care in Taipei

Longwood Dental is a private English-speaking dental clinic located in Taipei's Dazhi–Neihu area, serving local Taiwanese patients as well as expatriates, international families and overseas patients seeking dental care in Taipei. For international patients in particular, orthodontic treatment can involve months of communication and follow-up. Being able to clearly understand your diagnosis, options, expected treatment process and responsibilities is an important part of care.

Frequently Asked Questions About Adult Invisalign and Orthodontics

Am I too old for Invisalign?

Usually not. Healthy teeth can be moved orthodontically at many ages. Your dental and periodontal health, bite and required tooth movements are generally more important than your chronological age.

Is Invisalign good for adults?

Invisalign can be an excellent option for adults who want discreet orthodontic treatment and are prepared to wear their aligners consistently. It can treat many types of crowding, spacing and bite problems, although it is not the best appliance for every case.

Can Invisalign fix crowded teeth?

Yes. Crowded teeth are among the common orthodontic problems treated with clear aligners. The complexity of the crowding will determine whether Invisalign alone is appropriate.

Can Invisalign fix an overbite?

Many overbites can be treated with clear aligners. Whether Invisalign is suitable depends on the cause and severity of the bite problem and the tooth movements required.

Can Invisalign fix an underbite or crossbite?

Clear aligners can treat selected underbite and crossbite cases. More complex problems may require braces, additional orthodontic appliances or other treatment approaches.

Is Invisalign better than braces?

Neither is universally better. Invisalign offers discretion and removability, while fixed braces provide advantages for certain orthodontic movements and do not depend on remembering to wear the appliance. The best choice depends on your diagnosis.

Is Invisalign faster than braces?

Not necessarily. Treatment duration is determined primarily by the complexity of your orthodontic problem and the movements required rather than simply by choosing Invisalign instead of braces.

How many hours a day do I need to wear Invisalign?

The AAO advises that clear aligners are typically worn at least 22 hours per day. They are generally removed for meals, drinking beverages other than water, brushing and flossing.

Can I eat normally with Invisalign?

Yes. Because the aligners are removed while eating, there are generally no orthodontic food restrictions of the kind associated with fixed braces. You should clean your teeth appropriately before replacing the aligners.

What if I had braces before and my teeth moved?

Adults frequently seek orthodontic retreatment because their teeth have shifted after previous braces. Clear aligners may be particularly convenient for selected relapse cases, but an orthodontic examination is required to determine the treatment needed.

Can I have Invisalign if I have crowns, implants or previous dental work?

Possibly. Existing dental restorations do not automatically prevent orthodontic treatment, but they can affect treatment planning. Implants, for example, do not move orthodontically like natural teeth. Your orthodontist needs to evaluate your existing dental work before treatment begins.

Do I need retainers forever after Invisalign?

Retention is an essential part of maintaining orthodontic results. Because teeth can continue to change position throughout life, long-term retainer wear is commonly recommended according to your orthodontist's instructions.

How much does Invisalign cost in Taipei?

The cost of Invisalign or adult orthodontic treatment varies according to the complexity of the case, treatment objectives, anticipated treatment duration and treatment required. A meaningful fee estimate therefore requires an orthodontic evaluation rather than simply comparing the price of aligners.

Should I see a dentist or an orthodontist for Invisalign?

General dentists may provide clear aligner treatment, but orthodontists have completed additional specialty residency education dedicated to orthodontic diagnosis, tooth movement and bite correction. For patients seeking specialist orthodontic treatment, particularly for more complicated cases, this additional training can be an important consideration.

Considering Invisalign or Adult Orthodontics in Taipei?

If you have crowded teeth, gaps, a bite that does not feel right, teeth that have shifted since previous orthodontic treatment—or you have simply wanted a straighter smile for years—there is no need to assume that you have missed your opportunity.

Modern adult orthodontics offers several options, including Invisalign clear aligners, traditional braces and more discreet aesthetic braces. The best place to begin is not by choosing the appliance. It is by understanding your teeth and bite.

At Longwood Dental Clinic Taipei, our Harvard-trained orthodontic specialist can evaluate your concerns, explain the appropriate treatment options and help you decide whether Invisalign or another form of adult orthodontic treatment is most suitable for you.

Adult orthodontic consultation | Invisalign Taipei | Clear aligners | Braces | English-speaking orthodontist in Taipei

If You Have More Questions

Our English speaking orthodontists and dentists at Longwood Dental Clinic Taipei is here to help guide you calmly and honestly through your options. You can book your appointment online or contact our team directly with any questions.

At Longwood Dental, dentistry is not about rushing through procedures. It is about listening carefully, explaining clearly, and caring thoughtfully—every step of the way.

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References

American Association of Orthodontists — Adult Orthodontics. Adult orthodontic indications, treatment options and adult patient statistics.

American Association of Orthodontists — Clear Aligners. Clear aligner indications, wear requirements, treatment limitations and patient FAQs.

American Association of Orthodontists — Braces vs. Clear Aligners. Comparison of fixed braces and clear aligner treatment and the importance of orthodontic diagnosis.

American Dental Association — Orthodontics/Braces. Orthodontic treatment, malocclusion and adult treatment.

Harvard School of Dental Medicine — Advanced Graduate Education in Orthodontics. Specialty orthodontic curriculum and training in diagnosis, treatment planning and evidence-based care.

Columbia University College of Dental Medicine — Orthodontic Care. Invisalign, clear aligners, adult orthodontic treatment and retention.

Longwood Dental Clinic Taipei — Dr. Rebecca Chen, Orthodontist. Professional education, Harvard orthodontic residency, DMSc and clinical experience.

Additional References

Olsen JA, Inglehart MR. Malocclusions and perceptions of attractiveness, intelligence, personality, and behavioral intentions. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 2011.

Gazit-Rappaport T, Haisraeli-Shalish M, Gazit E. Psychosocial reward of orthodontic treatment in adult patients. European Journal of Orthodontics. 2010.

Pithon MM, Nascimento CC, Barbosa GCG, Coqueiro RS. Do dental esthetics have any influence on finding a job? American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 2014.

Gasparello GG, et al. The influence of malocclusion on social aspects in adults: study via eye tracking technology and questionnaire. Progress in Orthodontics. 2022.

Mohammed H, Kumar R Jr, Bennani H, Farella M. Malocclusion severity and smile features: Is there an association? American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 2023.

Choi SH, Kim BI, Cha JY, Hwang CJ. Impact of malocclusion and common oral diseases on oral health-related quality of life in young adults. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 2015.

Alsulaiman AA, et al. Incisor malalignment and the risk of periodontal disease progression. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 2018.

This article provides general dental information and is not a substitute for an individual orthodontic examination, diagnosis or treatment plan.